America became a culturally distinct place from England during the Essay

America became a culturally distinct place from England during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Using information about decorative arts, architecture, - Essay Example One of the cultural differences that emerged between England and America was in speech. Americans no longer carry even a hint of a British accent. The Americans created a new unique form of English. Several reasons can explain this phenomenon. First and foremost Americans wanted to show their lack of class. Classes such as nobility, middle, and lower classes had their own accents in England. America wanted everyone to be equal. Thus by speaking slurred English, Americans showed their solidarity with one another (Larkin, 1989: 154). The melting pot of cultures that came to America also contributed to the unique English. Germans, Italians, Irish, African, and many other cultures collided with their accents making the American accent. Americans did not want to create an English Colony, they wanted to create a new country with a new language. American English is also written differently than British English. For example, Americans write center, whereas the British write centre. The British do not write words ending in er, but use re. The lack of reading material in the beginning of the Colonies might have contributed to the misspelling of words, which in turn created this whole new distinctive English (Larkin, 1989: 36). Words for common things also became different. In England, a queue is a line in America. This could be created to the illiterate, which spelled the words wrong, with a new generation adopting them, or a deliberate attempt to leave their English roots behind. The Americans created a new version of English that is still around today. Art in America reflected the culture that the artist came from. Pictures of farmers, landscapes, and hardships started appearing in the seventeenth and eighteenth century (Larkin, 1989: 176). These paintings were exclusively American, since they depicted American life. American Gothic, Old Virginia Home, and The Declaration of

Brief synopsis of research proposal - NGOs in Saudi Arabia; Essay

Brief synopsis of research proposal - NGOs in Saudi Arabia; Strategies, Development and Marketing Management - Essay Example Known in its all forms as the â€Å"non-profit,† â€Å"nongovernmental,† â€Å"voluntary,† â€Å"civil society,† â€Å"third,† or â€Å"independent† sector, this set of institutions includes within it a new bewildering array of entities brought by the younger generation of today, who have usually studied abroad. Furthermore, the least contribution of Saudi citizen in political sphere is to be involved in the non-profit sector. The government’s openness towards the political contribution of citizens is allowed through the involvement in third sector. Therefore, Saudi elite have entered in the so-called ‘civil society’ in its mere concept free from any political implications. This has created a conflict among the society, whether to accept the terminology or to change to other words to be more appropriate culturally and religiously. Despite the division in deciding the name by which it shall be called, majority have agreed on the lofty goal behind the concept in its social dimension -the act of kindness. In the past few decade numbers of non-profit organizations were established in Saudi, these coherent organizations had built a strong relationship with the state. Their activities are mostly based on the philanthropy and socio- religious developments. With the impact of modernization, the well-known traditional groups were bound to fade under its influence, followed by the emergence of a new group of educated Middle Class advocating political agenda. This has created a sort of threat and confusion within the government. New boundaries had to be established to deal with the new language without raising conflicts. In contrast, looking from a positive side through the lens of development, modernization brought new concepts to the realm of the third sector. Insofar, it has been considered a good turning point; the misconceptions of new ideologies

The Current Existing Strategy Marketing Essay

The Current Existing Strategy Marketing Essay Firstly, the Nyam Nyam product is produce by Arnotts company from Australia. Arnotts is a large food companies in Asia Pacific region such as New Zealand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore and Japan. The Arnotts company was grown up during the past 146 years ago. One of the company was invested to Arnotts company is Campbell Soup Companys and its iconic brands. So, the Campbell Soup Company as synonymous with Arnotts company selling the favourite biscuits and snacks. Besides that, Campbell Soup company are selling the Nyam Nyam product which is different types of flavor such as Chocoberry, Chocolate, Rice Crispy, Strawberry, Sugar Rice, Mr.Nyam Nyam and Teddy Chocochips. The Anotts company was created a good environment to identify opportunity for reducing water consumption and minimize the use of packaging material which can use recycled material. It also create a Arnotts Foundation to provide a donation to help poor children can study well. Besides that, I think that the Arnotts compa ny has done a good job to satisfy consumer needs and protect earth environment. On the other hands, most properly of the Nyam Nyam product imported from Australia as well as Indonesia. In Indonesia, the manufacturer to produce the Nyam Nyam product as a another franchise manufacture export to another countries. They also maintain the great tasting and quality biscuits to attract the target audience to buy it. It also consider a good choice for consumer to try for it. The Campbell Soup company no just selling the Arnotts product but also selling other brand which is Pergo, Kimball, V8, Cheong Chan and etc. They also leading company specializing in the manufacturer of the sauce and soup. The Nyam Nyam brand is just a categories from the Arnotts company. Arnotts is a brand name which subsidiary of Campbell company. Campbell Soup Company is the leader of maker and marketer of soup in the word. In their Asia Pacific region, headquarter of Campbells company is located at Sydney, Australia. Campbell produce soups, biscuits, beverages and sauces to Australia, China, Korea, New Zealand, Japan, Philippines, Malaysia and Singapore. Campbell brand portfolio includes Arnotts, Tim Tam, Good Time, and Nyam Nyam biscuits. Arnotts brand is Australian first choice biscuit brand which occupy 60 percent market share. Arnotts includes savory and sweet flavours, such as Tim Tam and Tiny Teddy. In 1865, a small bakery opened in Newcastle, north of Sydney. It produced bread and biscuits to local people as well as the crews of ships that docked at the port temporarily. From these small beginnings, a company whose name is synonymous with Australias most favourite biscuits and snacks is being roused up now. Arnotts is one of the largest food companies in the Asia Pacific area. For Australians, Arnotts is not only than a food enterprise, its a piece of Australias history and national icon. It has grown up with Australian over the past 146 years. More than 50,000 Australians work together with Arnotts since past decades. Arnotts also employs several thousand people among Asia Pacific countries such as New Zealand, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia and Singapore. Arnotts ongoing improvement has been supported by the Campbell Soup Companys investment. Arnotts exported products continue to increase. Australian-made biscuit has been shipped to over 40 countries around the word including USA, Indonesia, Malaysia and etc. As one of the largest food companies in Asis Pacific, Arnotts also involve in environmental policy to fulfill its commitment to run business in a method that respects and protect our family. Arnotts also put efforts on reducing energy consumption. The company is one of the signatories to the National Packaging Covenant. Arnotts intend to minimize the use of packaging material and ensure the environmental influences of consumer packaging waste are under control and minimized. Campbells Malaysia operating since December 1995, is an established multinational food company based in Malaysia with headquarters in the USA and regional offices in Australia. Campbells Malaysia is a world leading company specializing in the manufacture and sales of soup and sauces. Readers Digest recognized Campbells world-class portfolio with an Outstanding Brand Performance award in 2002. Also, Campbell has achieved many awards and certifications. Campbells Arnotts is Asia Pacific business, headquartered in Sydney, Australia, and supplies biscuits, soups, sauces and beverages to Australia, New Zealand, Greater China, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Singapore. The brand portfolio includes Arnotts, Tim Tam, Nyam Nyam and Good Time biscuits, Campbells and Swanson soups, stocks and sauces and V8 beverages. They have production facilities in Australia, Indonesia, and Malaysia. They also market and distribute such brands as  Kimball  sauces and  Cheong Chan  ethnic Chinese sauces in Thailand, Brunei, and Vietnam. Product Features The Nyam Nyam product has a different kind of categories of flavor such as Chocolate, Chocoberry, Strawberry, Rice Crispy and Mr.Nyam Nyam. The first of the Nyam Nyam product come out is Mr.Nyam Nyam and is a original taste of the product. After that, the another of flavor of the Nyam Nyam product was come out in the marketplace. Besides that, the important of the box design is differently. Some of the box design is half of the flavor taste and biscuits. For instance, the Chocoberry has three of the place to put the biscuits and chocolate strawberry taste. Furthermore, the box of Nyam Nyam have tall or big size design. Besides, they also using different of color to differentiate which one is the flavor of the product. But, one of the Nyam Nyam product is different from the another which is Teddy Chocochips. The Teddy Chocochips using small teddy design and put inside a chocolate chips. In addition, the Mr.Nyam Nyam and Rice Crispy are using rice crispy but the color are different wh ich is the all pink color and another is colorful rice crispy. On the other hands, they use the tiger as a mascot to represent the Nyam Nyam brand. Most properly of the children will like to eat the Chocoberry flavor because of two taste. Colourful and small size packaging has the qualification to let kids to love it. Vivid designs attract the kids easily from other similar products. The Nyam Nyam logo with rainbow background represents the vigor of small kids. Nyam Nyam offer variety flavours includes chocoberry, chocolate, rise crispy, strawberry and sugar rice. For boys, they may prefer chocolate flavor and for girls, strawberry maybe their preference. Nyam Nyam is the preferable snacks as it includes biscuits and sweets jam. There are two sectors inside the packaging. One is space to put long biscuit sticks and another one is hold the jam. Kids can choose whether they want to moist the sticks with big amount of jam or least. Normally, kids will eat until the jam finish with their dirtied fingers, but they are enjoying with the product. The personalized tiger is the symbolism of Nyam Nyam. Tiger always emerge at the packaging to rouse the kids about Nyam Nyam. We see advertisements with the tiger promote Nyam Nyam. The image of the tiger is affine and it able closer to kids. The tiger put up it thumbs to praise Nyam Nyam, and it is always the most simple way to tell a kid this is a good product for them. On the packaging, the product image is printed and it tells the kids what is inside the product. When kids see it, they know the sweet jam and the biscuit is their preference and they will grab one. Nyam Nyam also provides appropriate calories of one kids daily need. Nyam Nyam is under the brands Arnotts. The flavor included chocoberry, chocolate and strawberry. The packaging consists of the brand Arnotts, the logo Nyam Nyam, the tiger and rainbow. Overall the design is more on cartoon styles with lots of colorful features. The product type is biscuit, flavor is cream and texture is crispy. The size of the cup is suitable enough to fit in the palm with one hand holding Nyam Nyam one hand holding the biscuit. There are two parts inside, with one fills with cream and another fills with stick biscuit. From the information and images of the packages, customers can clearly know about the product features, it is very obvious Current Target Market The target audience of the Nyam Nyam product is children between 6-12 years old. This is because most of the children will like to eat snack and sweet. So, the Arnotts company was create a flavor biscuit in a different kind of box design. Its attract the kids to buy their product and try every taste of the Nyam Nyam product. Before that, the kids was liked the Mr.Nyam Nyam and Rice Crispy which are different of color and chocolate flavor. Nowadays, most of the children will like to eat the chocoberry, chocolate and strawberry flavor and biscuits. In the marketplace, the children have a lot of choice to choose different kind of brands. So, Nyam Nyam was using advertisement to reinforce and capture kids attention. The children may choose Nyam Nyam product. The Arnotts was consider the kids healthy and take action to significantly reduce the level of TFAs(Trans Fatty Acids) in their biscuits by replacing partially hydrogenated animal fats with vegetable oils. It can be lets the children safe to consume the product. With the dispute around advertising to children set to intensify, Arnotts iterate it commitment to not target product to kids who under 12 years old. Arnotts implement its marketing to Children Policy. This action is encouraged by health professionals, academics and consumers. Recently, Arnotts is target at young males. It developed a strategy to reflect guys life facing truth. What reason to make guys dream of stopping in his track and leaving work? Arnotts new advertisement campaign want to rouse guys to enjoy back their relaxing childhood. Arnotts target market is women aged 25-40. The brand was targeting a niche high-class market to perform quality and prestige. Successful women over 30 were included as target audience. Nyam Nyam is targeting kids market. With the increases of purchasing power of people, demand for biscuits has increased. Nyam Nyam is affordable to kids with their own pocket money. Compared with other similar products, Nyam Nyam is attractive with its colorful packaging. Color is a visual language, it encourage participation. Kids are usually attracted by its packaging at first sight. Besides, Nyam Nyam is place in the market with other kids targeting products. The placement of the product also influences the sales of the products. Nyam Nyam place with other kids targeting products mean that they will be able to grab the products easily as usually they will go directly to the part which attract them. Current Existing Strategy The Arnotts company was known that have a lot of competitor in the marketplace. So, they come up a strategy to attract kids to buy their product. They create a competition about correct the sticker can win a grand prize. It also using media to lets kids know about the competition. This kind of the strategy can lead the children to join this event and consume the product. Besides, the prize of this competition can lets kids feel have a chance to win grand prize which is PS3. On the other hands, the Arnotts company are discuss technologies role in menu development. Nowadays, the development of Smartphones and social media are growth up. So, they using Facebook or Twitter to get feedback for guide menu development and recipe development. For the instance, most properly of the children are using smartphones or social media such as Facebook and it can be get consumer feedback and information. Using this information, to reinforce the product features and improve product management. After t hat, Arnotts company has promote the Nyam Nyam product through the advertisement about the chocoberry. In malaysia, most of the kids will like to watch TV and saw the Nyam Nyam advertisement. They will try go to retail or shopping center to buy the Nyam Nyam product. Arnotts current strategy include reduce environmental impact of packaging. It follows the instruction of sustainable packaging guidelines. It tries to reduce the negative effects of packaging to achieve resource efficiency. The implementation of design and procurement starting form a simple and friendly environmental method. For example, Arnotts explore major pack and case optimization opportunities across the range of sweet biscuits. It aspires to optimize packaging without compromising product quality and safety. Arnotts also take care of consumers accessibility. It improve easy-open functionality of it product. With the improvement, consumer will not face the problem of hard to open the packaging and it save effort and convenient for them. The trend today is all about green environment. Arnotts focuses on efficiently collect and recycle packaging. Packaging is a process waste recovery system at all manufacturing sites. Many of Arnotts existing packaging materials already contain recycled material. In2010, 58% of all Arnotts packaging had a minimum of 95% recycle materials. It has built up Green teams at each site to help improvement of waste management. Arnotts also encourages with companies who buy cardboard cases directly as packaging rather than recycling again. It also training staff on the colour coded waste stream manufacture. Follow by the moral values principles, Arnotts shared responsibility throughout whole supply chain. It will review each packaging element and provide consumer the correct concept around the issue of recycling and disposal of packaging. Arnotts continue this plan to encourage anti-littering behavior. It company also have a no-plastic bag policy at staff sites. The company gives a free multi-use bag for every employee. This is used to remind the staff to consider the environment when grocery shopping. Arnotts has sustainability resources and the responsibility to identifying initiative of carbon footprint can be reduced. Campbells Arnotts has a core business strategy which is advance a powerful commitment to sustainability and corporate social responsibility. Therefore, it always abides by its promise. Campbell Arnotts only advertise food and beverage products to children under 12 years old if those products represent healthy dietary choices. Their advertising messages are in the context of a healthy lifestyle, designed to encourage the target audience. Since healthy lifestyles became common nowadays, advertising messages is important to influence the kids and also their parents whom educate them. Effective advertising messages are able to affect the brand positioning and brand loyalty in consumers mind.

Summary of Fallen Angels by Walter Dean Myers Essay -- Fallen Angels E

Walter Dean Myers wrote the book Fallen Angels. It is about America's experiences in the Vietnam War as told by the main character in the book, Richie Perry. Perry goes through a lot of changes and sees some of his good friends die in battle fighting for a cause that no one could agree upon. The book has 4 other main characters, Lobel, Johnson, Brunner, and Peewee. The book starts off talking about the experiences of Perry while he is serving in Vietnam. His best friend, Peewee becomes instant friends with each other when they meet in the barracks. Peewee helps Perry by standing up for him during several disputes. Peewee and Perry wake up the next morning and find out that they are to go on patrol in order to search out and destroy any VÃ ®et CÃ ´ng soldiers that they encounter. The patrol lasts for a few hours and Peewee and Perry are just about to camp, when a mutual friend of Peewee and Perry drops out of formation for a second and steps on a land mine, killing him instantly. Perry is so upset by this and needs Peewee to help him talk out his feelings of grief for the loss of the friend. Peewee and Perry have a few days to rest, because they have a weekend pass and it grants them 48 hours of freedom. They go to Saigon and have a few drinks and generally have fun, before they have to report back to their unit, which is stationed in the nort hern highlands of South Vietnam. When they return, they are happy that they made good use of their weekend passes in Saigon. The next...

Fender Musical Instruments Corporation Essay

Fender is an American manufacturer of stringed instruments and amplifiers based out of Scottsdale, Arizona. The privately held company was founded by Clarence Leonidas â€Å"Leo† Fender in Clifornia in 1946. The company specializes in solid body electric guitars such as the Stratocaster and Telecaster, and solid body electric bass guitars such as the Precision and Jazz models. Fender instruments are widely considered to be the standard to which most other electric guitars are measured. As marketing manager, I have been asked to develop a brand extension within Fender, in this case, we have decided to move into percussion instruments, specifically drum kits. We will be developing 3 new models of Fender drum kits, a six, seven and eight piece kit. The six piece kit will be made up of a snare drum, four tom toms and a bass drum. The seven piece kit will be similar, with the addition of another tom tom, and finally the eight piece will be similar to the seven piece, with the addition of a second bass drum. All drums will be sold without cymbals and hi-hats; however all will include a kick pedal for the base drum. The objective of this extension is to begin moving Fender into new instruments, especially to develop a line of percussion instruments, with the future goal of developing a percussion department within the company, which will in turn lead to the manufacturing and sale of bongo drums, conga drums and tambourines. We feel that this area of the market for musical instruments has a clear niche gap within it that Fender can fill. With our excellent reputation within the industry, we feel customers will have the brand loyalty to purchase Fender drums. We also feel that with our world class team of developers and creators, and having the resources to use only the finest wood, we can create a drum kit that will be used by the most influential and talented drummers in the world. This will of course lead to worldwide sales of Fender drums, increasing sales to unprecedented levels, which in turn will give us the chance to employee a greater number of people, all while creating a whole new division within the organization, greatly adding to the legacy of Fender instruments. Our target market is the total number of potential buyers for our product. Among this broad group, we have our primary and secondary target markets. Our primary market in this case will be those most likely to buy our new product. This will mainly be drummers and musical institutions, for example music schools, colleges and workshops. Our secondary market, those who have the next greatest potential to buy now or in the future, will be musicians of all instruments; non-musicians who we hope will to purchase a kit and learn to play; and advertisement companies or agencies. Our primary market is simple, drummers drum. They need a drum kit, and if we can convince them of the superior quality and craftsmanship of Fender drums, we hope they will use Fender exclusively. A similar approach is being taken when marketing towards musical institutions. Our secondary market however will be more difficult. Despite the fact that drums are used in many forms of music, musicians in general who we will target will specifically be guitarists, bass players and singers. We feel these players might be interested as many will already be playing music in a similar style to heavier, drum-orientated sound, as opposed to a classical trumpet player for example. We also feel that these players will very likely be familiar with the Fender brand, again as opposed to a musician playing an instrument in which Fender does not specialize. They will therefore be familiar with our high quality level of workmanship and reliability. We will have many well established brands to compete with within the marketplace. Companies such as Pearl, Tama, Evans and C&C are highly regarded within the drumming community and have spent years building u brand loyalty among their customers. Of these companies, Pearl and Tama will be our strongest competitors. Pearl is a multinational company, founded in 1952, specializing in percussion instruments. They cover a huge range of kits, including six, seven, and eight piece kits similar to the kits we will be producing. Their Vision, Masters and Session models are widely popular and well prices. Tama is a sub division of the Hoshino Gakko Group, a company specializing in Tama drums and Ibenez guitars. Like Pearl, Tama produces well crafted, highly priced drum kits and have a great reputation worldwide for quality. Fender Drums – Marketing Strategy Price We will be selling our three kits (six, seven and eight piece) directly from our Fender stores worldwide for $1499, $1799 and $2199 respectively. We have spent many months analyzing our competitors’ marketing prices and feel that these prices offer a great deal for customers. For example, Pearl and Tama sell their six piece kits for $1599 and $1649 respectively. This places our product at a lower price range than both. We have also reached a deal with Sabian (manufacturer of hi-hats and cymbals) to sell our six piece kit with four of their cymbals as a bundle deal. Regarding this deal, we will receive $50 less per kit than when sold separately, however we feel Sabian to be a highly regarded company who customers have built up a great relationship with and therefore we hope to garner some of their brand loyalty to introduce new players to our product. Our seven and eight piece kits will be sold individually only for the foreseeable future. Our seven piece kit is being sold at the same price as those offered by Pearl and Tama, while our eight piece kit is $100 cheaper than Tama’s eight piece kit. Ours is $50 more expensive than Pearl’s eight piece kit; however we feel our product to be vastly superior to theirs, and therefore do not anticipate this slight difference as being problematic. We will also be offering out 100 kits initially to established artists as endorsements. These kits will be distributed, free of charge, to 42 pre-selected musicians, in the hope that by being used by these artists, other musicians who are influenced by these drummers will be eager to also purchase a kit. In addition, our seven piece will contain a 13 x 10 tom tom and our eight piece will include a 20 x 16 bass drum. We will offer a range of spin off products which can be attached onto each kit, including a cowbell, tambourine and jam block. Each kit will be available in three colors (red, green and black) and will be sold with safety casing as an additional extra. They will be branded with the Fender logo on the top right portion of the front of the bass drum. Our products will vary to competitors’ products in many ways. Our drums are different sizes, therefore giving out a slightly different tone and sound. All drums a headed with smooth emperor drum skins, which resonate for longer and give a crisper, more accurate tone. Only the finest maple and rosewood will be used to ensure the most satisfying sound and timbre. Place Our products will be available from all Fender stores throughout Australia, Europe and America. We hope, over the next 12 months, to establish a relationship with stores throughout Asia and South America to sell Fender drums. Our products will also be available from our online store, as well as through third party sellers such as Amazon and EBay. Our products will also be available for both use and purchase at many trade fairs throughout America and Australia over the next six months. Promotion We have many options when considering methods of promotion. As the leader in musical instruments worldwide, with 312 stores, this gives us a great starting point. All stores will stock our kits, displaying them front and center within their stores, to be sure customers will be quickly aware of them. We regularly host trade fairs across the world, which will also give us another means of advertising. We will be taking our advertising in many of the world’s most read magazines (such as Rolling Stone, News and Time), newspapers (NY Post, Sydney Morning Herald and British Times) and websites (BBC, Dailymail, and TMZ). We will advertise and promote through television and radio also. I feel our greatest promotion will be through Sponsorship. We have signed 42 of the greatest drummers currently playing to use our kits. Drummers like Chad Smith (Red Hot Chili Peppers), Lars Ulrich (Metallica), Josh Freese (Nine Inch Nails) and Nathan Followill (Kings of Leon) all have huge fan bases of drummers, who we hope will be eager to try and purchase our kits once they realize their influences are also using them. Our competitors also use many of these means of advertising, however we feel with our larger budget, and many more stores internationally, we have a much larger platform to promote from. We will begin promotion as of September 2014, hoping to garner enough attention to our product before the Christmas rush of product purchasing begins. While our product is not a ‘seasonal’ product, we feel it would be a good time to release these kits. In closing, regarding which of the 4Ps will be the most influential initially on our product, I believe it will be our product itself. Our price is very competitive; we feel strongly this will not be a problem. Our promotion will be huge, using magazines, radio, TV, internet, billboards, instore advertising, sponsorship and trade shows among other means. Our placement options are huge. With our worldwide brand, we can sell our product worldwide. However, our product itself, with its world class development, beautiful tone, ease of use, gorgeous design and competitive price will stand up for itself as a leader in drumming products, and over time, we hope will be the number one drum kit on the market. Sources http://www.smarta.com/advice/sales-and-marketing/advertising-and-marketing/how-to-develop-a-marketing-strategy/ View as multi-pages

How are evil and the supernatural presented in each of the stories? Essay

‘The Black Cat’ and ‘The Squaw’ are both short stories from the sub-genre of horror fiction. How are evil and the supernatural presented in each of the stories? Compare and contrast the two stories. Horror stories have common ingredients, including, a ruined gothic castle with monsters such as vampires and werewolves. Horror stories generally play on fear of the unknown. They cause the reader to be afraid of what they are going to see that they don’t expect. When horror stories are also short stories, they benefit from this. A larger amount of dramatic events can take place in a short space of time. If the main character of a horror story that wasn’t a short story died very near the end, the whole story would be ruined. This means that readers of short horror stories are shocked much more. In the two stories, evil and the supernatural are not presented in the way that they are normally in short stories. They are presented in a way to make the reader think about them, and how they can arise. This is unlike most horror stories, in which the aim of the story is just to shock and scare the reader. The two stories are entitled ‘The Black Cat’ and ‘The Squaw’. The tiles of stories can tell the reader about them. The Black Cat is a short story about a man who is driven to murder by his cat. The Squaw is also a short story, about a man who kills a kitten, and is then killed by its mother, in an act of revenge. The titles mean that the reader to has impressions of what the stories are about as soon as they start reading them. The title, The Black Cat gives the reader a feeling that the story is going to involve evil or magic, in some way, because black cats are commonly thought of as bad or evil, and as witches in disguise, however, when the reader reads the title, The Squaw, they are given a much less vivid impression. A squaw is an American Indian woman or wife, but most people don’t know this. This means that the reader doesn’t really know what to expect from the story. I believe The Black Cat to be better titled than The Squaw, because it is more deep and meaningful. It is deliberately intended to make the reader think that the black cat is bad, but it is the cat that turns out to be the victim. This illuminates how the reader will always make the assumption that a black cat will be evil. The cat in The Squaw is said to be like a squaw, and I believe that this is the only reason it is titled like this. The beginnings of stories are important for giving the reader an impression of what is to come. The beginnings of the two stories do not give particularly much atmosphere of the supernatural. At the beginning of The Squaw, the narrator just accounts about how he and his wife are on their honeymoon, and how they meet Elias Hutcheson. The reader is given no indication that it is a horror story throughout the beginning of the story. Similarly, at the beginning of The Black Cat, the reader does not receive much of an impression of the supernatural. The character just seems to introduce himself. The only clue the reader receives about the supernatural is the way the cat is introduced into the story. At the beginning of The Black Cat, there are a few clues about what will happen later in the story. The narrator accounts about how the events that happens in the story â€Å"have terrified-have tortured-have destroyed me† He also states that he is going to be hung, whereas the beginning of The Squaw provides the reader with no clues about what happens later. The beginnings of the stories are quite different. The opening of The Squaw is just like a normal non-horror story and the opening of The Black Cat is a character confiding in the reader about what has happened to him and how he has been affected. The atmosphere and setting give the reader a strong background feeling about the story. The typical setting of a horror story is a lonely, dark place, like a ruined gothic castle. The setting of The Black Cat is not much like this. It is mainly set inside the man’s head, and so does not contain many references to what happens outside in the world. The reader is not given much information about where the man lives, and the actual physical setting of the story. This is because the story is intended to primarily portray the emotions of the character over his actions. The setting of The Squaw is very different to this, although it is also unlike that of a conventional horror story. The setting is very normal and pleasant. The narrator and his wife are on their honeymoon, and the reader is told how the town is very pleasant, because the sun is shining, and the couple are just lazing about enjoying themselves. It comes as a complete shock when the kitten is killed. After this happens, it is still unlike a normal horror story setting, until right at the end, when the cat appears and kills the man. The setting of The Black Cat adds to its overall effect very well, because the story is supposed to show his emotions, and it is a story about a man telling the reader how he became evil and mad, as does the setting of The Squaw, which shows that evil can occur in any place, not just in a typical gothic horror story setting. Tension is usually viewed as the most important element of the traditional horror story. It keeps the reader interested in the story, and causes them to be scared of what may happen next. Tension is not used to full effect in the two stories. The reader is not given much information in either of them to trigger their imagination and get them thinking about what will happen next. For example, in The Black Cat, the main events happen totally unexpectedly, without any tense build up. In The Squaw, there is a bit of tension, that concerns the reader wondering what the cat is going to do to the man, but there is only one very big event at the end of the story, also without much built up tension. Poe definitely aims to shock the reader in The Black Cat, rather than surprise them. A surprise is when something unexpected happens, but it is usually a good event, and the person it happens to often has some kind of a clue that it will happen. A shock is when something very unexpected happens. It is almost always a bad event, and the person always has no clue whatsoever that it will happen. The reader is shocked on multiple occasions, such as when the narrator cuts his cat’s eye out, when he hangs the cat, and when he murders his wife. I believe that Poe never surprises the reader, and that he has no intention of doing so. In The Black Cat, because the reader anticipates the man to do something evil at different points, this affects their feeling on the evil inside the man. They expect the man to commit more acts of evil, but at the same time, they are not sure whether the source of evil may change to become the cat. On the contrary, Stoker aims to surprise the reader. The reader knows throughout the story that the cat is going to get its revenge some way. When it kills Hutcheson, this is a surprise, because the reader expects it to happen. It may be considered as a bad event, thus being a shock, but it may also be considered a bit like a good thing in a way, because he deserved to die. This feeling of someone deserving an act of revenge adds to the horror theme of the story. The only shock in the story is when the kitten is killed. For these reasons, the usage of shock and surprise in the two stories is very different. The two men who kill the cats in the two stories have very important roles in the plot, as do their characters. The narrator in The Black Cat seems very emotional. He often confides in the reader about how The Black Cat drives him to insanity, whereas Elias P. Hutcheson is not given a particularly prominent character, and the reader does not learn much about his emotions. In The Black Cat, the narrator is used as the main character, to confide in the reader, about his experiences. In this way, the author brings about the questions about evil and the supernatural. In The Squaw, Hutcheson is instead used as a tool for the plot to be developed. He doesn’t have any visible emotions shown. He seems only to be in the story to kill the kitten, and then to be killed at the end. The reader feels sorry for the narrator in The Black Cat, because he is driven to madness and he is very hopeless, but they also feel hatred for him because of all of the cruel things he does. The cats are probably the most important elements in both of the stories. In The Black Cat, the cat is initially introduced amongst the narrator’s other pets, and in The Squaw, the cat is introduced when the characters see it with its kitten. Unlike at the beginning of The Squaw, at the beginning of The Black Cat, the reader is given a small hint of the supernatural powers of the cat, in the title, because black cats are said to be bad luck, and witches in disguise. When the cat is introduced, it is written in italics. This gives the reader an obvious clue that it plays a big part in the story. In The Squaw, the reader is given no hint whatsoever that the cat has any supernatural powers. It is only at the very end, when the cat kills the man that the reader believes that it may have something out of the ordinary about it, although it never truly seems to have any actual supernatural powers, other than the way it strangely strives to get its revenge, and the way it has the intelligence to kill the man in the way it does. Later on in The Black Cat, the reader is given a larger impression that the cat is supernatural; by the narrator acting like it is driving him to madness. The image of the cat ends up on the wall of the burned down house, and another cat comes into the story, that seems to really be the same cat, and it also has a mark that turns into the shape of the gallows. These things would not happen if there was not an intention of the writer for the cat to be somehow supernatural. On the other hand, in The Squaw, the reader is not given very much of an impression that the cat has any supernatural powers until at the very end. When the cat tries to follow the man, the reader just believes it to just be a normal cat, because it does not succeed. The only hint the reader gets at this point is the amount of hatred the cat seems to show. The author comments on how Hutcheson and the narrator’s wife notice this. This is also seen in how the cat tries so hard to reach Hutcheson, to take its revenge, by desperately trying to jump up a huge wall that is seen as totally impossible by the other characters, which are not maddened by anger. As the story of The Black Cat progresses, the reader thinks of the cat as both a victim of evil, and a source of evil. At the very beginning, the reader believes that the cat will be the source of evil, because black cats are generally thought of as such. When it’s eye is cut out, this is when the reader begins to think of it as a complete victim, but as the narrator becomes more demented, they begin to think of it as somehow causing him to do this, and as having some sort of special power. In The Black Cat, the cat is used as a tool to bring out the narrator’s character, whereas in The Squaw, the cat is used to provide a victim and a source of evil, to make the reader think about the true meaning of evil. The way the reader recognizes the two stories can vary a lot. They are primarily about the two cats, and whether or not they are the sources of evil in the stories. This means that the reader’s understanding of the stories entirely depends on what they think of the cat. Both of the stories explore the meaning of the nature of evil. The nature of evil is very disputable in both of the stories. They are primarily about the question of whether it is the men or the cats that are the sources of evil. They show that it is really the men who are actually the sources of evil. The stories both have this theme, and both illustrate the men to be the sources of evil, making them similar. In The Black Cat, the man is somehow provoked by the cat to become evil, but in The Squaw, the man is the one to initiate the trouble between himself and the cat, by killing the kitten, meaning that the ways the two men come to be the sources of evil are different. Usually in horror fiction, it is the stereotypical character, like the cat that is the source of evil, and the people are usually victims. The two stories show that these are misconceptions. They are deliberately controversial. The narrative structures of the stories greatly affect the way in which the reader understands them. As does The Squaw, The Black Cat has a first person narrative. Because of this, the reader can realise the character’s feelings and emotions to a much greater extent than if it had a third person narrative. This affects the reader’s thoughts about the evil of this character. Because they can realise his feelings, he can tell them why he did things, and his justifications for them. They can then judge for themselves whether he has good reason to do things, and whether or not he is evil. The first person narrative gives the reader an insight into the mind of the evil man. This helps to show them that evil occurs for a reason, and that people are evil because of something that has happened, or a motive that they have. It also implies that evil people are not just the bad things in stories for people hate without thinking about why they evil. Poe tries hard to show this in his story. The first person perspective of The Squaw also contributes to the evil in the story, but in a very different way. The narrator seems quite neutral and unfazed throughout the story. He is nothing like a typical horror story character, and he makes it seem very unconventional. He helps to make the source of evil disputable. His character makes the reader think about what the real evil in the story is. The narrator’s character helps the implication that a source of evil is not always where it first seems to be. The evil may be in something or someone that is never expected at first, and that it is not always in the clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½d, expected place. The viewpoints of the authors are important in understanding the stories, because they tell us the reasons for the stories being written, and how the authors understand the natures of evil and the supernatural. I believe that Poe understands that evil and the supernatural can affect anyone, and that no one is born evil and I believe that his purpose in writing The Black Cat was to give an insight into the mind of someone who goes mad. I believe he wanted to show that people are driven to do evil things, and they do not just suddenly turn evil and crazy. He wanted to show that evil people are people too, like everyone else. This does not fit the general trend in horror stories very well. Usually, the evil character is just there to be someone for the reader to dislike and fear. The reader is never usually shown any reason for the person to have become evil. Stoker believes that evil is not always how and where it seems, as Poe also does, and I believe that he wrote The Squaw to show this. This fits the horror story genre in the same way as The Black Cat does because it is not like most horror stories. Like The Black Cat, it depicts a different meaning to evil and the supernatural, and it doesn’t rely on clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s. I believe that evil and the supernatural are well presented in the both of the stories. Both of the authors wrote the stories to give a deeper meaning to the way they are depicted in horror stories. Neither of the two stories is typical of the horror story genre. They are both deliberately meant to show the different ways that evil and the supernatural can exist, that are not usually depicted in horror short stories. I believe The Black Cat to be the more effective as a horror story. The way it depicts the mind of a madman is more effective in horrifying the reader. His feelings and reactions give the reader a chilling and disturbing insight into the mind of an evil, twisted murderer.