Penal Station Objectives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Penal Station Objectives - Essay Example The first penal station was established at Newcastle in 1804 and the convicts were put to labor mining for coal and cutting cedar tree. However, with the settlements of the Hunter Valley with colonists, Newcastle was no longer as isolated as it was when it started. And so Port Macquarie was established, and Newcastle closed in 1824. However, Port Macquarie experienced frequent successful escapes, and following an inspection by Commissioner Bigge it was determined that other colony stations be created, and emphasized the need for these convicts to be separated and isolated from the remaining population. As a consequence the Governor of Brisbane developed a penal station at Moreton Bay in 1825. Norfolk Island was also reoccupied, having been abandoned in 1813. The worst criminals were sent to Norfolk Island, and those guilty of lesser offences were transported to Moreton Bay. Meanwhile in Van Dieman's Land a penal station was first established in 1822 at Macquarie Harbour, as it was more difficult to escape from. Unfortunately there were issues with access to the Harbour, and so convicts with minor offenses were sent to another penal station established at nearby Maria Island in 1825. Due to escalating cost though, Lieutenant-=Governor Arthur decided to develop another colony, an din 1830 Port Arthur was established on the Tasman's Peninsula, and in the closing of Macquarie Harbor and Maria Island1.There was a distinct awareness among the governors of the settlements at this time that there was a clear need to portray transportation as an "object of terror," to enable effective and efficient deterrence to future criminal activity in Britain 4,5,6. Subsequently, governors incorporated into their policies, statements that would substantiate the concept of transportation as an act "worse than death". Thus, one of the primary objectives of the penal stations , was to deter others from committing crimes.Another primary objective was for the convicts to be given constant employment, preferably in hard labor4. This was to enable a rigid form of discipline among the convicts, and to provide supervisors and governors with a way to systematically and in a standardized way to oversee the incarceration of the convicts. By way of isolation from the luxuries that were available to the settlements it was anticipated that the third objective could be met, which was reforming of character. As such, it was expected that a number of the transported convicts would become rehabilitate through isolation1, hard labor and the habit making of discipline, as well as perhaps learning new skills such as agriculture, and so return to society as a contributing member. 1 Reynolds, J (1982) The penal stations of New South Wales and Van Dieman's Land. p. 356 4. Shannon. (1968) J.T.Bigge "Report to the Commissioner of Inquiry' British Parliamentary Papers: Colonies,

SHAREHOLDER STRUCTURE AND RISK PROFILE OF BRITISH PETROLEUM PLC Essay

SHAREHOLDER STRUCTURE AND RISK PROFILE OF BRITISH PETROLEUM PLC - Essay Example One of the most important objectives of corporate finance function is to maximise the shareholders’ value. There are many avenues by which the shareholders’ value can be increased. A company can invest in those projects which would fetch them a return, greater than the minimum hurdle rate. In compliance with that the company is committed to maximise the value for their shareholders. Their strategy is to create value by investing in exploration and production business because they offer sustainable growth with high returns through out the operational activities. To sustain the momentum which increases the firm’s value, the company intends to reinvest in exploration and production while carrying out their target acquisition for expansion of their business activities. They are expected to make investments in their assets through out the business cycle to increase the operational productivity of the company. All these attempts have been put forward so that a sustaina ble growth can be attained in future. This would even help the shareholders to attain an enhanced continual growth in their earnings from this company. BP’s aim is to strike a balance for their shareholders between the earnings involving the dividend, persistent investment in long term growth opportunities and maintain a careful risk return level. The company has a proper dividend reinvestment for the shareholders who are willing to have their dividend in the form of stocks rather than in cash. The company also have dividend reinvestment plan for their US and Canadian shareholders. All these approaches have been taken in accordance with the shareholders’ interests. They have committed to a remuneration policy which is in accordance with the interests of the shareholders. In the current volatile scenario it is quite important to have talented as well as committed